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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Later he describes what he calls the “Principle of the Communication of Heat”. There’s lots of rhetoric: The applicability of the calculus of probabilities to a particular case can of course never be proved with precision. Nevertheless, every insurance company places its faith in the calculus of probabilities.

Energy 88
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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. But—in something akin to the process of metamodeling—we can ask: What is the essence of what we want to communicate in the word? In some ways, ruliology is like natural science.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus? But it’s a fundamental claim that we’re making—that can be thought of as a matter of natural science—that in our universe only computation can occur, not hypercomputation. Communicating across Rulial Space.

Physics 122
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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

It’s not obvious that it would be feasible to find the path of the steepest descent on the “weight landscape” But calculus comes to the rescue. It turns out that the chain rule of calculus in effect lets us “unravel” the operations done by successive layers in the neural net.

Computer 145