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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

Could it really be that this was the secret that nature had been using all along to make complexity? But it really wasn’t physics, or computer science, or math, or biology, or economics, or any known field. But I think it does well at communicating what this science that I’ve enjoyed for so long is about.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 121
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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

It’s not obvious that it would be feasible to find the path of the steepest descent on the “weight landscape” But calculus comes to the rescue. It turns out that the chain rule of calculus in effect lets us “unravel” the operations done by successive layers in the neural net.

Computer 145
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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Later he describes what he calls the “Principle of the Communication of Heat”. There’s lots of rhetoric: The applicability of the calculus of probabilities to a particular case can of course never be proved with precision. Nevertheless, every insurance company places its faith in the calculus of probabilities.

Energy 88