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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

For that was a time when the concepts of computing were first being worked out—and through approaches like cybernetics and the nascent area of artificial intelligence, people started exploring the broader scientific implications of computational ideas. But with this new power came a sobering realization.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). In 1956 McCarthy had been one of the organizers of the conference that coined the term “artificial intelligence”, and in 1958 McCarthy began the development of LISP (which was based on linked lists ).