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How Inevitable Is the Concept of Numbers?

Stephen Wolfram

Fast numbers-based ways to do particular computations are often viewed as representing “ exact solutions ” to corresponding mathematical problems. Still, there is in a sense one other kind of computational reducibility that we do know about, and that’s been very widely used in mathematical science: the phenomenon of continuity.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

And—it should be said at the outset—we’re still only at the very beginning of nailing down those technical details and setting up the difficult mathematics and formalism they involve.) For integers, the obvious notion of equivalence is numerical equality. For hypergraphs, it’s isomorphism. Experiencing the Ruliad.

Physics 122
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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But by the end of the 1800s, with the existence of molecules increasingly firmly established, the Second Law began to often be treated as an almost-mathematically-proven necessary law of physics. There were still mathematical loose ends, as well as issues such as its application to living systems and to systems involving gravity.

Energy 88
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Will AIs Take All Our Jobs and End Human History—or Not? Well, It’s Complicated…

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed it increasingly seems as if the “secret” that nature uses to make the complexity it so often shows is exactly to operate according to the rules of simple programs. And indeed over the past three centuries there’s been lots of success in doing this, mainly by using mathematical equations.

Computer 105