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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But by the mid-1600s the idea was emerging that there could be more explicit and mechanical explanations for phenomena in the natural world. By 1807 the term “energy” had been introduced, but the question remained of whether it could in any sense globally be thought of as conserved. But in plenty of situations it wasn’t.

Energy 88
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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

And if we’re going to make a “general theory of mathematics” a first step is to do something like we’d typically do in natural science, and try to “drill down” to find a uniform underlying model—or at least representation—for all of them. And in the style of A New Kind of Science we can do ruliology to explore them. &#10005.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

And it’s one that I think has extremely deep implications—both in science and beyond. The ruliad is an ultimate example of multicomputation, and of what I’ve characterized as the fourth major paradigm for theoretical science. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 122