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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

By 1807 the term “energy” had been introduced, but the question remained of whether it could in any sense globally be thought of as conserved. It had seemed for a long time that heat was something a bit like mechanical energy, but the relation wasn’t clear—and the caloric theory of heat implied that caloric (i.e.

Energy 88
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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus? But it’s a fundamental claim that we’re making—that can be thought of as a matter of natural science—that in our universe only computation can occur, not hypercomputation. elementary updating events) in physical space.

Physics 122
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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

And if we’re going to make a “general theory of mathematics” a first step is to do something like we’d typically do in natural science, and try to “drill down” to find a uniform underlying model—or at least representation—for all of them. We can view these in some sense as the “observed phenomena” of (human) mathematics.