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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy. There had been precursors of steam engines even in antiquity, but it was only in 1712 that the first practical steam engine was developed. Lazare Carnot died in 1823.

Energy 89
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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

I should say at the outset that I’m going to focus on the big picture of what’s going on—and while I’ll mention some engineering details, I won’t get deeply into them. It turns out that the chain rule of calculus in effect lets us “unravel” the operations done by successive layers in the neural net.

Computer 145