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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

This is the first of a series of pieces I’m planning in connection with the upcoming 20th anniversary of the publication of A New Kind of Science. “There’s a Whole New Field to Build…” For me the story began nearly 50 years ago —with what I saw as a great and fundamental mystery of science. How is it made?

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

Think of it as the entangled limit of everything that is computationally possible: the result of following all possible computational rules in all possible ways. And it’s one that I think has extremely deep implications—both in science and beyond. And this is where our pieces of “falsifiable natural science” come in.

Physics 122
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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

Or you could do what is the essence of theoretical science: make a model that gives some kind of procedure for computing the answer rather than just measuring and remembering each case. As we mentioned above, one can always think of a neural net as computing a mathematical function—that depends on its inputs, and its weights.

Computer 145
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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

And if we’re going to make a “general theory of mathematics” a first step is to do something like we’d typically do in natural science, and try to “drill down” to find a uniform underlying model—or at least representation—for all of them. And in the style of A New Kind of Science we can do ruliology to explore them. &#10005.