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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But he continued to write physics papers, which ranged over many different areas, occasionally touching thermodynamics, though most often in the service of answering a “general science” question—like how old the Sun is (he estimated 32,000 years from thermodynamic arguments, though of course without knowledge of nuclear reactions).

Energy 88
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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

This is the first of a series of pieces I’m planning in connection with the upcoming 20th anniversary of the publication of A New Kind of Science. “There’s a Whole New Field to Build…” For me the story began nearly 50 years ago —with what I saw as a great and fundamental mystery of science.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). I first met Ed in 1982—on an island in the Caribbean he had bought with money from taking public a tech company he’d founded. Even after Ed left active management of III, he was still its chairman.