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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

But it really wasn’t physics, or computer science, or math, or biology, or economics, or any known field. For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. I began to think it was at least a big part of it.

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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Later he describes what he calls the “Principle of the Communication of Heat”. There’s lots of rhetoric: The applicability of the calculus of probabilities to a particular case can of course never be proved with precision. Nevertheless, every insurance company places its faith in the calculus of probabilities.

Energy 88
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). I do value our friendship and whatever I do in this regard will be an attempt at honest and unemotional communication with the goal of some better mutual understanding.