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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

For that was a time when the concepts of computing were first being worked out—and through approaches like cybernetics and the nascent area of artificial intelligence, people started exploring the broader scientific implications of computational ideas. Sometimes they have been based on constructing programs to reproduce behavior.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). He was going for what he saw as the big prize: using them to “construct the universe”. permutation) with any number of inputs can be constructed using just these gates, connected by wires.