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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

By 1807 the term “energy” had been introduced, but the question remained of whether it could in any sense globally be thought of as conserved. It had seemed for a long time that heat was something a bit like mechanical energy, but the relation wasn’t clear—and the caloric theory of heat implied that caloric (i.e.

Energy 88
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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

And if we’re going to make a “general theory of mathematics” a first step is to do something like we’d typically do in natural science, and try to “drill down” to find a uniform underlying model—or at least representation—for all of them. and zero arguments: α[ ]. It’s worth mentioning just one further subtlety.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

And we can trace the argument for this to the Principle of Computational Equivalence. But it’s a fundamental claim that we’re making—that can be thought of as a matter of natural science—that in our universe only computation can occur, not hypercomputation. A very important claim about the ruliad is that it’s unique.

Physics 122
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A 50-Year Quest: My Personal Journey with the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And I spent much of the summer of 1972 writing my own (unseen by anyone else for 30+ years) Concise Directory of Physics that included a rather stiff page about energy, mentioning entropy—along with the heat death of the universe. For a couple of months I didn’t look seriously at the book. mode, often accompanied by rapid physical rewiring.

Physics 95