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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy. There was also a sense that regardless of its foundations, the Second Law was successfully used in practice.

Energy 88
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Winds of change: using dust in Antarctic ice to understand past climates

Futurum

Through evaluating evidence and mapping out arguments, students can practice this important aspect of scientific communication. There are many geopolitical challenges to overcome as well, so the expertise of scientists will need to be included alongside international relations, economics and communication.

Geology 52
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. In standard chemistry, one typically characterizes the state of a chemical system at a particular time in terms of the concentrations of different chemical species. Economics.

Physics 64
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. In standard chemistry, one typically characterizes the state of a chemical system at a particular time in terms of the concentrations of different chemical species. Economics.

Science 64
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Can AI Solve Science?

Stephen Wolfram

of what’s now Wolfram Language —we were trying to develop algorithms to compute hundreds of mathematical special functions over very broad ranges of arguments. Unless we can connect what’s in the formulas with things we know about (whether in number theory or economics) it’ll usually be difficult to conclude much from them.

Science 122
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

In 2015 Ed told me a nice story about his time at Caltech: In 1952–53, I was a student in Linus Pauling’s class where he lectured Freshman Chemistry at Caltech. Richard Feynman and I would get into very fierce arguments. After class, one day, I asked Pauling “What is a superconductor at the highest known temperature?”