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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

By 1807 the term “energy” had been introduced, but the question remained of whether it could in any sense globally be thought of as conserved. It had seemed for a long time that heat was something a bit like mechanical energy, but the relation wasn’t clear—and the caloric theory of heat implied that caloric (i.e.

Energy 88
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Launching Version 13.1 of Wolfram Language & Mathematica ??????

Stephen Wolfram

You can give Threaded as an argument to any listable function, not just Plus and Times : &#10005. we’re adding SymmetricDifference : find elements that (in the 2-argument case) are in one list or the other, but not both. Now we can use the path function to make a “spiralling” tour video: College Calculus. In Version 13.1

Calculus 114
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. In physics, energy (and mass) act as a “source of gravity”. In general relativity, the singularity theorems say that when there’s “enough energy or mass” it’s inevitable that a singularity will be formed.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. In physics, energy (and mass) act as a “source of gravity”. In general relativity, the singularity theorems say that when there’s “enough energy or mass” it’s inevitable that a singularity will be formed.

Science 64
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Sometimes textbooks will gloss over everything; sometimes they’ll give some kind of “common-sense-but-outside-of-physics argument”. With hard spheres there’s built-in conservation of energy, momentum and number of particles. The First Law of thermodynamics asserted that heat was a form of energy, and that overall energy was conserved.

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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

One can view a symbolic expression such as f[g[x][y, h[z]], w] as a hierarchical or tree structure , in which at every level some particular “head” (like f ) is “applied to” one or more arguments. and zero arguments: α[ ]. By the way, the shortest proof path in the multiway graph is the analog of a geodesic in spacetime.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

But at a personal and social level it was still always a lot of fun being around Ed and being exposed to his unique intense opportunistic energy—with its repeating themes but ever-changing directions. It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus).