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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

And at first I did so in the main scientific paradigm I knew : models based on mathematics and mathematical equations. From mathematics. Mathematical physics. By the late 1970s, though, there were other initiatives emerging, particularly coming from mathematics and mathematical physics. Synergetics.

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Will AIs Take All Our Jobs and End Human History—or Not? Well, It’s Complicated…

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed it increasingly seems as if the “secret” that nature uses to make the complexity it so often shows is exactly to operate according to the rules of simple programs. One of the notable features of a system like ChatGPT is that it isn’t constructed in an “understand-every-step” traditional engineering way.

Computer 105
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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

It began partly as an empirical law, and partly as something abstractly constructed on the basis of the idea of molecules, that nobody at the time knew for sure existed. There were still mathematical loose ends, as well as issues such as its application to living systems and to systems involving gravity.

Energy 88
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Imaging the invisible: how can research software and imaging techniques help scientists study the things we can’t see?

Futurum

Scientific model — a conceptual or mathematical representation of a real-world phenomenon that allows scientists to study the phenomenon in more detail. Scientists can now turn their theories into mathematical models, which can then be expressed in software as simulations. Research computing is a sub-discipline of computer science.