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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

This is the first of a series of pieces I’m planning in connection with the upcoming 20th anniversary of the publication of A New Kind of Science. “There’s a Whole New Field to Build…” For me the story began nearly 50 years ago —with what I saw as a great and fundamental mystery of science. How is it made?

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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But by the mid-1600s the idea was emerging that there could be more explicit and mechanical explanations for phenomena in the natural world. So, for example, in the late 1700s the French balloonist Jacques Charles (1746–1823) noted the linear increase of volume of a gas with temperature.

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