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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

And at first I did so in the main scientific paradigm I knew : models based on mathematics and mathematical equations. From mathematics. Mathematical physics. By the late 1970s, though, there were other initiatives emerging, particularly coming from mathematics and mathematical physics. Synergetics.

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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But by the end of the 1800s, with the existence of molecules increasingly firmly established, the Second Law began to often be treated as an almost-mathematically-proven necessary law of physics. There were still mathematical loose ends, as well as issues such as its application to living systems and to systems involving gravity.

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