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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But then—basically starting in the early 1980s—there was a burst of progress based on a new idea (of which, yes, I seem to have ultimately been the primary initiator): the idea of using simple programs , rather than mathematical equations, as the basis for models of things in nature and elsewhere. One is so-called Böhm trees.

Physics 64
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But then—basically starting in the early 1980s—there was a burst of progress based on a new idea (of which, yes, I seem to have ultimately been the primary initiator): the idea of using simple programs , rather than mathematical equations, as the basis for models of things in nature and elsewhere. One is so-called Böhm trees.

Science 64
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). But suffice it say to that Ed’s old nemesis—calculus—comes in very handy. It’s actually a nice application for calculus. The details are a bit complicated—and I’ve put them in an appendix below.