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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

SEPTEMBER 23, 2021

For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. Sometimes they have been based on constructing programs to reproduce behavior. What is that science? In some ways, ruliology is like natural science.

Computer 55
Computer Mathematics Science Sciences 55
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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

JANUARY 31, 2023

It began partly as an empirical law, and partly as something abstractly constructed on the basis of the idea of molecules, that nobody at the time knew for sure existed. But what’s important for our purposes here is that in the setup Carnot constructed he basically ended up introducing the Second Law.

Energy 88
Energy Physics Argumentation Mathematics 88
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