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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Many would say that modern exact science was launched in the 1600s with the introduction of what we can call the “ mathematical paradigm ”: the idea that things in the world can be described by mathematical equations—and that their behavior can be determined by finding solutions to these equations.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Many would say that modern exact science was launched in the 1600s with the introduction of what we can call the “ mathematical paradigm ”: the idea that things in the world can be described by mathematical equations—and that their behavior can be determined by finding solutions to these equations.

Science 64
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Games and Puzzles as Multicomputational Systems

Stephen Wolfram

To make a closer analogy with quantum mechanics one can start thinking about combining different chunks of “multiway game play”, and trying to work out a calculus for how those chunks fit together. Quantum mechanics had always seemed like something mysterious—the abstract result of pure mathematical formalism.

Physics 71
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). “Lick” Licklider —who persuaded Ed to join BBN to “teach them about computers”. So what happened is Marvin [Minsky] and I basically fleshed out the idea of a mathematical thing.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

And—it should be said at the outset—we’re still only at the very beginning of nailing down those technical details and setting up the difficult mathematics and formalism they involve.) Mathematically this can be thought of as being like decomposing the ruliad structure in terms of fibrations and foliations.). The View from Mathematics.

Physics 122
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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

Then we might make a mathematical guess, like that perhaps we should use a straight line as a model: We could pick different straight lines. It’s just something that’s mathematically simple, and we’re used to the fact that lots of data we measure turns out to be well fit by mathematically simple things.

Computer 145
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

How does one tie all this down with rigorous, mathematical-style proofs? But having seen that the core phenomenon of the Second Law can be reduced to an essentially purely computational statement, we’re now in a position to examine this in a different—and I think ultimately very clarifying—way. Well, it’s difficult.