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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. Sometimes they have been based on constructing programs to reproduce behavior. What is that science? In some ways, ruliology is like natural science.

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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

It began partly as an empirical law, and partly as something abstractly constructed on the basis of the idea of molecules, that nobody at the time knew for sure existed. And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy.

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