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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy. Later he describes what he calls the “Principle of the Communication of Heat”. There was also a sense that regardless of its foundations, the Second Law was successfully used in practice.

Energy 88
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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. But—in something akin to the process of metamodeling—we can ask: What is the essence of what we want to communicate in the word? But with this new power came a sobering realization.

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Delve Talks: Winnie Karanja, Maydm

Maydm

As a high school student, Winnie had a passion for both math and the social sciences. Her teachers pushed her into the “easier” path of social sciences rather than encourage her interest in STEM subjects. And throughout my sort of high school experience, I’d been, you know, passionate about social sciences.

STEM 52
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). In 2015 Ed told me a nice story about his time at Caltech: In 1952–53, I was a student in Linus Pauling’s class where he lectured Freshman Chemistry at Caltech.