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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But he had a second hypothesis too—based, he said, on the ideas of “that most ingenious gentleman, Monsieur Descartes”: that instead air consists of “flexible particles” that are “so whirled around” that “each corpuscle endeavors to beat off all others”. So what exactly did Boltzmann really do in his 1872 paper?

Energy 88
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But with the multicomputational paradigm there’s now the remarkable possibility that this feature of physics could be transported to many other fields—and could deliver there what’s in many cases been seen as a “holy grail” of finding “physics-like” laws. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But with the multicomputational paradigm there’s now the remarkable possibility that this feature of physics could be transported to many other fields—and could deliver there what’s in many cases been seen as a “holy grail” of finding “physics-like” laws. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many.

Science 64
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Once one has the idea of “equilibrium”, one can then start to think of its properties as purely being functions of certain parameters—and this opens up all sorts of calculus-based mathematical opportunities. But what if we’re more flexible in what we consider the objective of the demon to be?

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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

It’s not obvious that it would be feasible to find the path of the steepest descent on the “weight landscape” But calculus comes to the rescue. It turns out that the chain rule of calculus in effect lets us “unravel” the operations done by successive layers in the neural net.

Computer 145