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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But with the multicomputational paradigm there’s now the remarkable possibility that this feature of physics could be transported to many other fields—and could deliver there what’s in many cases been seen as a “holy grail” of finding “physics-like” laws. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

But with the multicomputational paradigm there’s now the remarkable possibility that this feature of physics could be transported to many other fields—and could deliver there what’s in many cases been seen as a “holy grail” of finding “physics-like” laws. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many.

Science 64
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). “Lick” Licklider —who persuaded Ed to join BBN to “teach them about computers”. Nowadays we’d call it the trie (or prefix tree) data structure. But his name shows up from time to time.

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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Once one has the idea of “equilibrium”, one can then start to think of its properties as purely being functions of certain parameters—and this opens up all sorts of calculus-based mathematical opportunities. The Mechanoidal Phase and Bulk Molecular Biology The Second Law has long had an uneasy relationship with biology.

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What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?

Stephen Wolfram

It’s not obvious that it would be feasible to find the path of the steepest descent on the “weight landscape” But calculus comes to the rescue. As we mentioned above, one can always think of a neural net as computing a mathematical function—that depends on its inputs, and its weights.

Computer 145
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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 122