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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

There was one major exception, however, in 1738, when—as part of his eclectic mathematical career spanning probability theory, elasticity theory, biostatistics, economics and more— Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) published his book on hydrodynamics.

Energy 88
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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

For integers, the obvious notion of equivalence is numerical equality. The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. For hypergraphs, it’s isomorphism.

Physics 122