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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

It began partly as an empirical law, and partly as something abstractly constructed on the basis of the idea of molecules, that nobody at the time knew for sure existed. But what’s important for our purposes here is that in the setup Carnot constructed he basically ended up introducing the Second Law.

Energy 88
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Can AI Solve Science?

Stephen Wolfram

A lot of science—and technology—has been constructed specifically around computationally reducible phenomena. And that’s for example why things like mathematical formulas have been able to be as successful in science as they have. It’s not exactly “solving science”, and it wouldn’t even allow one to “discover the unexpected”.

Science 122
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

He was going for what he saw as the big prize: using them to “construct the universe”. The next section is entitled “The Design of a Simulator”, and discusses how such hardware could be constructed, concluding that a 1000×1000×1000 3D grid of cells could be built for $50M (or nearly half a billion dollars today). It’s just my nature.