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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy. There had been precursors of steam engines even in antiquity, but it was only in 1712 that the first practical steam engine was developed. Lazare Carnot died in 1823.

Energy 88
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LLM Tech and a Lot More: Version 13.3 of Wolfram Language and Mathematica

Stephen Wolfram

Line, Surface and Contour Integration “Find the integral of the function ” is a typical core thing one wants to do in calculus. But particularly in applications of calculus, it’s common to want to ask slightly more elaborate questions, like “What’s the integral of over the region ?”, or “What’s the integral of along the line ?”

Computer 118
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). His father ’s university engineering studies had been cut short by the Russian Revolution, and he now had a one-man wholesale electronic parts business. Petersburg; his mother in Odessa ; they met in LA).

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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

And in general to achieve a “ pathological result ” we’ll typically have to “reverse engineer” the underlying computational irreducibility of the system—which we won’t be able to do with a reference frame constructed by a computationally bounded observer.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

And in general to achieve a “ pathological result ” we’ll typically have to “reverse engineer” the underlying computational irreducibility of the system—which we won’t be able to do with a reference frame constructed by a computationally bounded observer.

Science 64
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Sometimes textbooks will gloss over everything; sometimes they’ll give some kind of “common-sense-but-outside-of-physics argument”. Once one has the idea of “equilibrium”, one can then start to think of its properties as purely being functions of certain parameters—and this opens up all sorts of calculus-based mathematical opportunities.