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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But by the end of the 1800s, with the existence of molecules increasingly firmly established, the Second Law began to often be treated as an almost-mathematically-proven necessary law of physics. The theory of heat will hereafter form one of the most important branches of general physics.

Energy 89
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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

It’s yet another surprising construct that’s arisen from our Physics Project. In the language of our Physics Project, it’s the ultimate limit of all rulial multiway systems. And here is a rulial multiway system made from hypergraph rewriting of the kind used in our Physics Project , using all rules with signature : &#10005.

Physics 123
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LLM Tech and a Lot More: Version 13.3 of Wolfram Language and Mathematica

Stephen Wolfram

Line, Surface and Contour Integration “Find the integral of the function ” is a typical core thing one wants to do in calculus. But particularly in applications of calculus, it’s common to want to ask slightly more elaborate questions, like “What’s the integral of over the region ?”, or “What’s the integral of along the line ?”

Computer 118
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

One might have thought it was already exciting enough for our Physics Project to be showing a path to a fundamental theory of physics and a fundamental description of how our physical universe works. Despite this, however, fundamental physics always seemed to resist its advance. The Path to a New Paradigm.

Physics 65
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Launching Version 13.1 of Wolfram Language & Mathematica ??????

Stephen Wolfram

You can give Threaded as an argument to any listable function, not just Plus and Times : &#10005. we’re adding SymmetricDifference : find elements that (in the 2-argument case) are in one list or the other, but not both. If we define a month “physically”, it corresponds to a certain fractional number of days: &#10005.

Calculus 115
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

Indeed, so confident was he of his programming prowess that he became convinced that he should in effect be able to write a program for the universe—and make all of physics into a programming problem. It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus).

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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

One might have thought it was already exciting enough for our Physics Project to be showing a path to a fundamental theory of physics and a fundamental description of how our physical universe works. Despite this, however, fundamental physics always seemed to resist its advance. The Path to a New Paradigm.

Science 65