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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

At the level of individual events, ideas from the theory and practice of computation are useful. Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many. Perhaps not for chemistry as it’s done today.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

At the level of individual events, ideas from the theory and practice of computation are useful. Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. There are many. Perhaps not for chemistry as it’s done today.

Science 64
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What should mathematics majors know about computing, and when should they know it?

Robert Talbert, Ph.D.

If anything, over the past seven years, my feelings about the centrality of computing in the mathematics major have gotten even more entrenched. First, I know more computer science and computer programming now than I did in 2007. These days the computer plays a front-and-center role in all of my classes.

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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

One can view a symbolic expression such as f[g[x][y, h[z]], w] as a hierarchical or tree structure , in which at every level some particular “head” (like f ) is “applied to” one or more arguments. and zero arguments: α[ ]. From a computer science perspective, we can think of it as being like a type hierarchy.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). “Lick” Licklider —who persuaded Ed to join BBN to “teach them about computers”. Nowadays we’d call it the trie (or prefix tree) data structure. But his name shows up from time to time.

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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Sometimes textbooks will gloss over everything; sometimes they’ll give some kind of “common-sense-but-outside-of-physics argument”. Once one has the idea of “equilibrium”, one can then start to think of its properties as purely being functions of certain parameters—and this opens up all sorts of calculus-based mathematical opportunities.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 122