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How Inevitable Is the Concept of Numbers?

Stephen Wolfram

But as another example of how this can play out, consider economic systems. But are “numerical prices” the only possible setup for an economic system? Ultimately an economic system is based on a large network of transactions. No doubt there’ll at least be some “natural-science-like” characterizations of what’s going on.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

For integers, the obvious notion of equivalence is numerical equality. The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. For hypergraphs, it’s isomorphism.

Physics 122