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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Imagine for example that one has a neural net with a certain architecture. And the same issue arose for Alonzo Church’s lambda calculus (introduced around 1930).

Physics 64
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Imagine for example that one has a neural net with a certain architecture. And the same issue arose for Alonzo Church’s lambda calculus (introduced around 1930).

Science 64
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). Then McCarthy started to explain ways a computer could do algebra. It was all algebra. Richard Feynman and I would get into very fierce arguments. And he says “There’s a problem.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

For example, we know (as I discovered in 2000) that (( b · c ) · a ) · ( b · (( b · a ) · b )) = a is the minimal axiom system for Boolean algebra , because FindEquationalProof finds a path that proves it. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 121