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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

And indeed particularly in chemistry and engineering it’s often been in the background, justifying all the computations routinely done using entropy. But, first and foremost, the story of the Second Law is the story of a great intellectual achievement of the mid-19th century.

Energy 88
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Part of what this achieves is to generalize beyond traditional mathematics the kind of constructs that can appear in models. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. In standard chemistry, one typically characterizes the state of a chemical system at a particular time in terms of the concentrations of different chemical species.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Part of what this achieves is to generalize beyond traditional mathematics the kind of constructs that can appear in models. Chemistry / Molecular Biology. In standard chemistry, one typically characterizes the state of a chemical system at a particular time in terms of the concentrations of different chemical species.

Science 64
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Delve Talks: Winnie Karanja, Maydm

Maydm

A Master’s degree in developmental economics and international development from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a bachelor’s degree in childhood education. I deferred my offer to graduate school at the London School of Economics. She founded it in 2015 and she was its first teacher.

STEM 52
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Charting a Course for “Complexity”: Metamodeling, Ruliology and More

Stephen Wolfram

But it really wasn’t physics, or computer science, or math, or biology, or economics, or any known field. For three centuries theoretical models had been based on the fairly narrow set of constructs provided by mathematical equations, and particularly calculus. Yes, it might have to take on the methodology of its “host” area.

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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). In 2015 Ed told me a nice story about his time at Caltech: In 1952–53, I was a student in Linus Pauling’s class where he lectured Freshman Chemistry at Caltech.